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the fortunes of the country

  • 1 Country-side

    subs.
    Use country.
    Cease to tell me the petty fortunes of the countryside: V. παῦσαι λέγων μοι τὰς προσαυλείους τύχας (Eur., Rhes. 273).

    Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Country-side

  • 2 American's Creed, The

    "Кредо американца"
    Текст, принятый палатой представителей [ House of Representatives] 3 апреля 1918 в качестве одного из символов веры американцев. Автором текста является У. Пэйдж [Page, William T.], сотрудник аппарата [Clerk, the] Палаты представителей: "Я верю, что власть в Соединенных Штатах Америки - это власть народа, из народа, для народа, правомочность которой основана на согласии управляемых; в демократическую республику; в суверенное государство, состоящее из многих суверенных штатов; в совершенный союз, единый и неделимый, основанный на тех принципах свободы, равенства, справедливости и человечности, за которые американские патриоты жертвовали своими жизнями и судьбами. Поэтому я считаю, что мой долг перед страной - любить ее, поддерживать ее Конституцию, соблюдать ее законы, уважать ее флаг и защищать ее от всех врагов" ["I believe in the United States of America as a government of the people, by the people, for the people whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes. I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies."].

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > American's Creed, The

  • 3 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 4 destino

    m.
    1 destiny, fate (sino).
    su destino era convertirse en estrella de cine she was destined to become a movie star
    2 destination (rumbo).
    (ir) con destino a (to be) bound for o going to
    un vuelo con destino a… a flight to…
    el tren con destino a La Paz the train for La Paz, the La Paz train
    pasajeros con destino a Chicago, embarquen por puerta 6 passengers flying to Chicago, please board at gate 6
    3 position, post (empleo, plaza).
    le han dado un destino en las Canarias he's been posted to the Canaries
    4 use, function.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: destinar.
    * * *
    1 (sino) destiny, fate
    2 (uso) purpose, use
    3 (lugar) destination
    4 (empleo) post
    \
    con destino a bound for, going to
    salir con destino a to leave for
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) destiny, fate
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=suerte) destiny, fate
    2) [de avión, viajero] destination

    "a franquear en destino" — "postage will be paid by the addressee"

    van con destino a Londres — they are going to London; (Náut) they are bound for London

    ¿cuál es el destino de este cuadro? — where is this picture going o for?

    con destino a Londres — [avión, carta] to London; [pasajeros] for London; [barco] bound for London

    3) (=puesto) [de empleado] job, post; [de militar] posting; [de funcionario] placement

    ¿qué destino tienes? — where have you been placed?

    4) (=uso) use, purpose
    * * *
    1) ( sino) fate
    2)
    a) (de avión, autobús) destination
    b) ( puesto) posting, assignment
    3) (uso, fin)
    * * *
    1) ( sino) fate
    2)
    a) (de avión, autobús) destination
    b) ( puesto) posting, assignment
    3) (uso, fin)
    * * *
    destino1
    1 = destiny, fate, fortune.

    Ex: In the case of the book, it is the interplay of such multifarious trends that will determine its destiny.

    Ex: The future importance of pre-coordinate indexing depends upon the fate of printed indexes.
    Ex: These institutions have become so intertwined that the fortunes of one are inextricably linked to the fortunes of the other -- for good or for ill.
    * alcanzar el destino de Uno = reach + Posesivo + destination.
    * destino + depender de = destiny + hang upon.
    * destino de uno = self-destiny.
    * regir el destino = determine + destiny.
    * tener el destino de = suffer + the fate of.
    * tener el mismo destino = suffer + the same fate.

    destino2
    2 = destination, point of arrival.

    Ex: Each packet includes the address of the final destination, and the packets travel separately, perhaps taking different routes through the network.

    Ex: Mileage must be calculated at the shortest practicable distance from the University to the point of arrival and return.
    * con destino a = to.
    * destino turístico = tourist destination, vacation destination, holiday destination.
    * formato destino = target format.
    * tesauro destino = target thesaurus.

    * * *
    A (hado) fate
    quién sabe qué nos depara el destino who knows what fate has in store for us
    su destino era acabar en la cárcel he was destined to end up in prison
    una jugada del destino a trick of fate o destiny
    B
    1 (de un avión, autobús) destination
    la salida del vuelo 421 con destino a Roma the departure of flight 421 to Rome
    los pasajeros con destino a Santiago passengers traveling to Santiago
    el expreso con destino a Burgos the express to o for Burgos, the Burgos express
    2 (puesto) posting, assignment
    ése fue su primer destino como diplomático that was his first diplomatic posting o assignment
    solicitó un destino en el extranjero she asked to be posted abroad, she asked for a foreign posting o assignment
    C
    (uso, fin): no se sabe qué destino se les va a dar a esos fondos it is not known what those funds will be allocated to
    no había decidido qué destino le iba a dar al dinero he had not decided to what use he was going to put the money
    debería dársele un mejor destino a esto better use should be made of this, this should be put to better use
    * * *

     

    Del verbo desteñir: ( conjugate desteñir)

    destiño es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    destiñó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Del verbo destinar: ( conjugate destinar)

    destino es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    destinó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    desteñir    
    destinar    
    destino
    desteñir ( conjugate desteñir) verbo intransitivo [prenda/color] to run;
    ( decolorarse) to fade
    desteñirse verbo pronominal
    to run;
    ( decolorarse) to fade
    destinar ( conjugate destinar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹funcionario/militar› to post, send, assign
    2 ( asignar un fin):

    destinoon el dinero a la investigación the money was used for research;
    destinoon parte de los fondos a este fin they earmarked part of the funds for this purpose
    destino sustantivo masculino
    1 ( sino) fate
    2
    a) (de avión, autobús) destination;

    ◊ con destino a Roma ‹vuelo/tren› to Rome;


    ‹ pasajero› traveling to Rome;
    ‹ carga› destined for Rome;


    3 (uso, fin) use
    desteñir verbo intransitivo & verbo transitivo to discolour, US discolor
    destinar verbo transitivo
    1 (apartar para algún fin) to set aside, assign
    2 (dar un lugar donde ejercer un trabajo) to post
    (dar una función a un trabajador) to appoint
    3 (dirigir un envío a alguien) to address
    destino sustantivo masculino
    1 (sino) fate, fortune: mi destino era ser profesor, I was destined to be a teacher
    2 (rumbo) destination
    el tren con destino a Alicante, the train to Alicante
    3 (de un puesto de trabajo) post
    4 (finalidad, uso) purpose
    ' destino' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - deparar
    - destinada
    - destinado
    - fatalidad
    - fortuna
    - suerte
    - zarpar
    - aguardar
    - de
    - destinar
    - para
    - querer
    - trasladar
    English:
    assignment
    - destination
    - destined
    - destiny
    - doom
    - fate
    - for
    - posting
    - quirk
    - reverse
    - seal
    - to
    - fortune
    - get
    - redeploy
    - second
    * * *
    1. [sino] destiny, fate;
    su destino era convertirse en estrella de cine she was destined to become a movie o Br film star;
    sigue tocando, tu destino está en la música keep playing, your future lies in music;
    nunca se sabe lo que el destino te puede deparar you never know what fate might have in store for you;
    el destino quiso que se conocieran it came about that they met each other
    2. [finalidad] use, function;
    la oposición pidió explicaciones sobre el destino del dinero recaudado the opposition asked for an explanation of what the money raised was going to be used for;
    productos con destino al consumo humano products for human consumption
    3. [rumbo]
    (ir) con destino a (to be) bound for o going to;
    un vuelo con destino a… a flight to…;
    el tren con destino a La Paz the train for La Paz, the La Paz train;
    pasajeros con destino a Chicago, embarquen por puerta 6 passengers flying to Chicago, please board at gate 6
    4. [lugar de llegada] destination;
    llegamos tarde a nuestro destino we arrived late at our destination;
    uno de los destinos preferidos del turista europeo a favourite tourist destination for Europeans
    5. [empleo, plaza] posting;
    un destino en el frente de guerra a posting at the front;
    le han dado un destino en las Canarias he's been posted to the Canaries;
    estar en expectativa de destino to be awaiting a posting
    * * *
    m
    1 fate, destiny
    2 de viaje etc destination;
    el tren con destino a the train for
    3 en el ejército etc posting
    * * *
    1) : destiny, fate
    2) destinación: destination
    3) : use
    4) : assignment, post
    * * *
    1. (tren, avión, etc) destination
    2. (sino) fate / destiny
    3. (uso) use
    ¿cuál es el destino de este dinero? what will this money be used for?

    Spanish-English dictionary > destino

  • 5 Emigration

       Traditionally, Portugal has been a country with a history of emigration to foreign lands, as well as to the overseas empire. During the early centuries of empire, only relatively small numbers of Portuguese emigrated to reside permanently in its colonies. After the establishment of the second, largely Brazilian empire in the 17th century, however, greater numbers of Portuguese left to seek their fortunes outside Europe. It was only toward the end of the 19th century, however, that Portuguese emigration became a mass movement, at first, largely to Brazil. While Portuguese-speaking Brazil was by far the most popular destination for the majority of Portuguese emigrants in early modern and modern times, after 1830, the United States and later Venezuela also became common destinations.
       Portuguese emigration patterns have changed in the 20th century and, as the Portuguese historian and economist Oliveira Martins wrote before the turn of the century, Portuguese emigration rates are a kind of national barometer. Crises and related social, political, and economic conditions within Portugal, as well as the presence of established emigrant communities in various countries, emigration laws, and the world economy have combined to shape emigration rates and destinations.
       After World War II, Brazil no longer remained the favorite destination of the majority of Portuguese emigrants who left Portugal to improve their lives and standards of living. Beginning in the 1950s, and swelling into a massive stream in the 1960s and into the 1970s, most Portuguese emigrated to find work in France and, after the change in U.S. immigration laws in the mid-1960s, a steady stream went to North America, including Canada. The emigration figures here indicate that the most intensive emigration years coincided with excessive political turmoil and severe draft (army conscription) laws during the First Republic (1912 was the high point), that emigration dropped during World Wars I and II and during economic downturns such as the Depression, and that the largest flow of Portuguese emigration in history occurred after the onset of the African colonial wars (1961) and into the 1970s, as Portuguese sought emigration as a way to avoid conscription or assignment to Africa.
       1887 17,000
       1900ca. 17,000 (mainly to Brazil)
       1910 39,000
       1912 88,000 (75,000 of these to Brazil)
       1930ca. 30,000 (Great Depression)
       1940ca. 8,800
       1950 41,000
       1955 57,000
       1960 67,000
       1965 131,000
       1970 209,000
       Despite considerable efforts by Lisbon to divert the stream of emigrants from Brazil or France to the African territories of Angola and Mozambique, this colonization effort failed, and most Portuguese who left Portugal preferred the better pay and security of jobs in France and West Germany or in the United States, Venezuela, and Brazil, where there were more deeply rooted Portuguese emigrant communities. At the time of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, when the military coup in Lisbon signaled the beginning of pressures for the Portuguese settlers to leave Africa, the total number of Portuguese resident in the two larger African territories amounted to about 600,000. In modern times, nonimperial Portuguese emigration has prevailed over imperial emigration and has had a significant impact on Portugal's annual budget (due to emigrants' remittances), the political system (since emigrants have a degree of absentee voting rights), investment and economy, and culture.
       A total of 4 million Portuguese reside and work outside Portugal as of 2009, over one-third of the country's continental and island population. It has also been said that more Portuguese of Azorean descent reside outside the Azores than in the Azores. The following statistics reflect the pattern of Portuguese emigrant communities in the world outside the mother country.
       Overseas Portuguese Communities Population Figures by Country of Residence ( estimates for 2002)
       Brazil 1,000,000
       France 650,000
       S. Africa 600,000
       USA 500,000
       Canada 400,000
       Venezuela 400,000
       W. Europe 175,000 (besides France and Germany)
       Germany 125,000
       Britain (UK) 60,000 (including Channel Islands)
       Lusophone Africa 50,000
       Australia 50,000
       Total: 4,010,000 (estimate)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Emigration

  • 6 судьба

    1) fate злая судьба, неотвратимый рок

    Пресс-секретарь AYAXI отметил, что его фирма «волею судеб оказалась разработчиком президентского сайта www.kremlin.ru» («Газета»). — According to AYAXI's spokesman, "as things would have it," his company developed the president's website.

    Судьба распорядилась/сложилась так, что… — It so happened, It was the will of fate that/fate so willed that ( очень выспренно)

    Такая уж у меня судьба — Well, that's my destiny.

    Какими судьбами? — Fancy meeting you here/ How did you get here?/ What brings you here? What are you doing here?

    искушать судьбу — to tempt fate/providence (но можно также to take a/the risk)

    обиженный судьбой — wronged by fate/unfortunate/hapless

    2) the past, history

    Я до сих пор не знаю, какова судьба моего заявления — I still don't know what happened to my application

    У этой рукописи интересная судьба — The story of this manuscript is quite interesting.

    Ее судьба поистине удивительна — The story of her life is amazing/Her life was amazing.

    Cудьба Годунова на Западе сложилась не так, как у Нуреева — In the West, Godunov's career/life was quite unlike Nureyev's /Unlike Nureyev, life in the West didn't turn out well for Godunov.

    Печальной оказалась судьба кота (Гроссман, пример из книги Вежбицкой) — The cat came to a sad end.

    Cудьба психоанализа в России — The story of psychoanalysis in Russia.

    Здание в Гонолулу чуть не постигла участь ВТЦ в Нью-Йорке — The building in Honolulu could have come to the same end as the World Trade Center.

    Судьба известного лица - The life and times of…

    судьбы/судьба страны – в наших руках — the future of the country is in our hands

    ООН обеспокоена судьбой чеченских беженцев — The United Nations is concerned about the plight of Chechen refugees.

    Судьбой зданий на Исаакиевской площади займется специальная комиссия — A special panel will decide/consider the issue of/the dispute over St.Isaac's Square buildings.

    Переговоры о судьбе заложников продолжаются — Talks to resolve the hostage situation/crisis are continuing.

    4)

    Судьбу матча решил гол, забитый на первых минутах — The (outcome of the) match was decided in its first minutes/The decisive goal was scored in the game's first minutes.

    Русско-английский словарь общей лексики > судьба

  • 7 los

    m (G losu) 1. (koleje życia, położenie) fate, lot; (koniec, rezultat) fate
    - związać/dzielić swój los z kimś to throw in/share one’s lot with sb
    - złożyć swój los w czyjeś ręce to place one’s fate in sb’s hands
    - podzielić los kogoś/czegoś to suffer the same fate as sb/sth
    - spotkał go straszny los he suffered a terrible fate
    - uniknąć strasznego losu to escape a terrible fate
    - odmienić czyjś los to change the fate a. lot of sb
    - przeklinać (swój) los to curse one’s fate a. lot
    - pogodzić się z losem to become resigned to one’s fate a. lot, to accept one’s fate a. lot
    - pozostawić sprawy własnemu losowi to leave things to take their own course, to let fate decide
    - czyjeś wojenne losy sb’s war experiences
    - los tych ludzi jest nieznany nothing is known of the fate of those people
    - jego dalsze losy są nieznane his later fate is unknown
    - jego losy się ważą his fate is being decided
    - przesądzić o losie kogoś/czegoś to decide the fate of sb/sth
    2. sgt (przeznaczenie, traf) fate, fortune
    - nieubłagany los merciless fate
    - przeciwności losu adversities
    - zmienne koleje losu changing fortunes
    - dziwnym zrządzeniem losu by a strange twist of fate
    - los nam sprzyja/nie sprzyja fate is on our side/against us
    - los się do nas uśmiechnął fortune smiled on us
    - uśmiech/zrządzenie losu a smile/quirk of fortune
    - być wybrańcem losu to be fortune’s favourite
    - pozostawić kogoś/coś na pastwę losu to leave sb/sth to their/its fate
    - kusić los to tempt fate
    - los sobie z nas zadrwił fate played a trick on us
    - naszym życiem rządzi ślepy los our life is ruled by blind chance
    3. (na loterii) ticket
    - kupić los na loterii to buy a lottery ticket
    - szczęśliwy los a winning ticket
    - wyciągnąć pusty los to have a losing ticket
    - ciągnąć losy o coś to draw a. cast lots for sth
    - ciągnąć losy, kto pójdzie do sklepu to draw lots to decide who will go to the shop
    - los padł na niego the lot fell on him
    - wygrać los na loterii przen. to hit the jackpot przen.
    ■ masz ci los! pot. bad a. hard luck!
    * * *
    - su; -sy; loc sg - sie; m
    ( koleje życia) lot; ( przeznaczenie) fate; ( na loterii) (lottery) ticket

    ironia losu — (przen) an ironic twist of fate

    * * *
    mi
    1. (= dola) lot, fortune; koleje losu vicissitudes, ups and downs; zły los bad fortune; ważą się losy kraju the future of the country is at stake, the fate of the country hangs in the balance.
    2. (= przeznaczenie) fate, destiny; na los szczęścia (= licząc na szczęście) hoping for the best; (= na chybił trafił) at random; uśmiech l. zrządzenie losu stroke of luck; ironia losu irony of fate; ofiara losu loser, sad sack; wybraniec losu (sb) born under a lucky star; być zdanym na łaskę losu be at the mercy of fate; kusić los push l. crowd sb's luck; masz ci los! too bad!; los sprawił, że... it so happened that...; los tak chciał it was written in the stars.
    3. (= bilet loteryjny) (lottery) ticket; ciągnąć losy draw lots; wygrać los na loterii przen. be blessed by luck.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > los

  • 8 Cobham, Sir Alan John

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 6 May 1894 London, England
    d. 21 October 1973 British Virgin Islands
    [br]
    English pilot who pioneered worldwide air routes and developed an in-flight refuelling system which is in use today.
    [br]
    Alan Cobham was a man of many parts. He started as a veterinary assistant in France during the First World War, but transferred to the Royal Flying Corps in 1917. After the war he continued flying, by giving joy-rides and doing aerial photography work. In 1921 he joined the De Havilland Aircraft Company (see de Havilland, Geoffrey) as a test and charter pilot; he was also successful in a number of air races. During the 1920s Cobham made many notable flights to distant parts of the British Empire, pioneering possible routes for airline operations. During the early 1930s Sir Alan (he was knighted in 1926) devoted his attention to generating a public interest in aviation and to campaigning for more airfields. Cobham's Flying Circus toured the country giving flying displays and joy-rides, which for thousands of people was their first experience of flying.
    In 1933 Cobham planned a non-stop flight to India by refuelling his aircraft while flying: this was not a new idea but the process was still experimental. The flight was unsuccessful due to a fault in his aircraft, unrelated to the in-flight refuelling system. The following year Flight Refuelling Ltd was founded, and by 1939 two Short flying boats were operating the first inflight-refuelled service across the Atlantic. Inflight refuelling was not required during the early years of the Second World War, so Cobham turned to other projects such as thermal de-icing of wings, and a scheme which was not carried out, for delivering fighters to the Middle East by towing them behind Wellington bombers.
    After the Second World War the fortunes of Flight Refuelling Ltd were at a low ebb, especially when British South American Airways abandoned the idea of using in-flight refuelling. Then an American contract and the use of their tanker aircraft to ferry oil during the Berlin Airlift saved the day. In 1949 Cobham's chief designer, Peter Macgregor, came up with an idea for refuelling fighters using a probe and drogue system. A large tanker aircraft trailed a hose with a conical drogue at the free end. The fighter pilot manoeuvred the probe, fitted to his aircraft, so that it locked into the drogue, enabling fuel to be transferred. Since the 1950s this system has become the effective world standard.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1926. Air Force Cross 1926.
    Bibliography
    1978, A Time to Fly, ed. C.Derrick, London; pub. in paperback 1986 (Cobham's memoirs).
    Flight to the Cape and Back, 1926, London; Australia and Back, 1926, London;
    Twenty Thousand Miles in a Flying Boat, 1930, London.
    Further Reading
    Peter G.Proctor, 1975, "The life and work of Sir Alan Cobham", Aerospace (RAeS) (March).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Cobham, Sir Alan John

  • 9 Riquet, Pierre Paul

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 29 June 1604 Béziers, Hérault, France
    d. 1 October 1680 buried at Toulouse, France
    [br]
    French canal engineer and constructor of the Canal du Midi.
    [br]
    Pierre Paul Riquet was the son of a wealthy lawyer whose ancestors came from Italy. In his education at the Jesuit College in Béziers he showed obvious natural ability in science and mathematics, but he received no formal engineering training. With his own and his wife's fortunes he was able to purchase a château at Verfeil, near Toulouse. In 1630 he was appointed a collector of the salt tax in Languedoc and in a short time became Lessee General (Fermier Général) of this tax for the whole province. This entailed constant travel through the district, with the result that he became very familiar with this part of the country. He also became involved in military contracting. He acquired a vast fortune out of both activities. At this time he pondered the possibility of building a canal from Toulouse to the Mediterranean beyond Béziers and, after further investigation as to possible water supplies, he wrote to Colbert in Paris on 16 November 1662 advocating the construction of the canal. Although the idea proved acceptable it was not until 27 May 1665 that Riquet was authorized to direct operations, and on 14 October 1666 he was given authority to construct the first part of the canal, from Toulouse to Trebes. Work started on 1 January 1667. By 1669 he had between 7,000 and 8,000 men employed on the work. Unhappily, Riquet died just over six months before the canal was completed, the official opening beingon 15 May 1681.
    Although Riquet's fame rightly rests on the Canal du Midi, probably the greatest work of its time in Europe, he was also consulted about and was responsible for other projects. He built an aqueduct on more than 100 arches to lead water into the grounds of the château of his friend the marquis de Castres. The plans for this work, which involved considerable practical difficulties, were finalized in 1670, and water flowed into the château grounds in 1676. Also in 1676, Riquet was commissioned to lead the waters of the river Ourcq into Paris; he drew up plans, but he was too busy to undertake the construction and on his death the work was shelved until Napoleon's time. He was responsible for the creation of the port of Sète on the Mediterranean at the end of the Canal du Midi. He was also consulted on the supply of water to the Palace of Versailles and on a proposed route which later became the Canal de Bourgogne. Riquet was a very remarkable man: when he started the construction of the canal he was well over 60 years old, an age at which most people are retiring, and lived almost to its completion.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1973, From Sea to Sea, London: Allen Lane; rev. ed. 1994, Bridgwater: Internet Ltd.
    Jean-Denis Bergasse, 1982–7, Le Canal de Midi, 4 vols, Hérault:—Vol. I: Pierre Paul Riquet et le Canal du Midi dans les arts et la littérature; Vol II: Trois Siècles de
    batellerie et de voyage; Vol. III: Des Siècles d'aventures humaine; Vol. IV: Grands Moments et grands sites.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Riquet, Pierre Paul

  • 10 Bacalhau

    (Codfish)
       Since the 15th century, codfish has been the favorite national dish of the Portuguese. Voyages of the navigator Corte-Real to Newfoundland, North America, late in that century, aroused the Portuguese interest in consuming codfish, particularly in its dried and salted form. For centuries thereafter, Portuguese cod fishing fleets visited the Newfoundland banks and returned with their precious catches. During periods when Portugal's economic fortunes were low and when the necessary shipping was unavailable, the Portuguese arranged to have English fishermen obtain codfish. After 1835, an annual Portuguese codfish fleet visited Newfoundland again. Oddly enough, despite the traditional codfish fleet system, the national fleet usually acquired only 10-15 percent of the codfish required, and the remainder was supplied by Great Britain, Sweden, and Norway. Although the Portuguese codfish fleet off Newfoundland ceased operations in the 1970s, codfish remains as popular as ever, and much of the country's annual supply comes from abroad.
       The Portuguese love affair with bacalhau is at least 500 years old, and it gave rise to the traditional Portuguese description of this important part of their cuisine: "the faithful friend" ( o fiel amigo). Long ago, the Portuguese learned how to salt and sun-dry the codfish they had caught to preserve it. Before the age of refrigeration, the dried, salted codfish kept for months. Before being prepared for the table, the Portuguese soaked it for 24 hours in various changes of water. The soaking reconstitutes this fish and disposes of the excessive salt. Codfish dishes remain popular for many holiday and other celebrations, and it is said that there are 365 ways of cooking codfish, one for each day of the year. A popular, now traditional codfish dish is bacalhau d bras, which consists of thin strips of cod mixed with onions and thin strips of potato surrounded by eggs. An even more historic dish is bacalhau a Gomes de Sá, cooked in a casserole with thinly sliced potatoes, onions, and garnished with hardboiled eggs and black olives. The dish is named in honor of an Oporto codfish merchant, José Luís Gomes de Sá Junior, who developed the famous dish while working at a noted restaurant in his native Oporto.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Bacalhau

  • 11 fortune

    noun
    1) (private wealth) Vermögen, das
    2) (prosperous condition) Glück, das; (of country) Wohl, das
    3) (luck, destiny) Schicksal, das

    bad/good fortune — Pech, das/Glück, das

    by sheer good fortune there was... — es war reines Glück, dass... war

    thank one's good fortune that... — dem Glück dafür danken, dass...

    tell somebody's fortune — jemandem wahrsagen od. sein Schicksal vorhersagen

    * * *
    ['fo: ən]
    1) (whatever happens by chance or (good or bad) luck: whatever fortune may bring.) das Glück, das Schicksal
    2) (a large amount of money: That ring must be worth a fortune!) das Vermögen
    •
    - academic.ru/29007/fortunate">fortunate
    - fortunately
    - fortune-teller
    - tell someone's fortune
    - tell fortune
    * * *
    for·tune
    [ˈfɔ:tʃu:n, AM ˈfɔ:rtʃən]
    n
    1. (money) Vermögen nt
    fame and \fortune Ruhm und Reichtum
    a small \fortune ( fam) ein kleines Vermögen
    to be worth a \fortune ( fam) ein Vermögen wert sein
    to cost a \fortune ( fam) ein Vermögen kosten
    to make a/one's \fortune zu Reichtum kommen, ein Vermögen machen
    2. no pl ( form: luck) Schicksal nt
    a stroke of good \fortune ein Glücksfall m
    good/ill \fortune Glück/Pech nt
    to have the good \fortune to do sth das Glück haben, etw zu tun
    to read/tell sb's \fortune jds Schicksal vorhersagen
    to seek one's \fortune sein Glück suchen
    3. no pl ( liter: luck personified) Glück nt, Fortuna f geh
    \fortune always seems to be smiling on him Fortuna scheint ihm immer gewogen zu sein geh
    4. (sb's fate)
    ▪ \fortunes pl Geschick nt
    the \fortunes of war die Wechselfälle [o das Auf und Ab] des Krieges
    5.
    ▶ \fortune favours the brave ( prov) das Glück ist mit den Tüchtigen
    ▶ the slings and arrows of [outrageous] \fortune BRIT die Stricke und Fallen des [entfesselten] Schicksals
    * * *
    ['fɔːtʃuːn]
    n
    1) (= fate) Schicksal nt, Geschick nt; (= chance) Zufall m

    he had the good fortune to have rich parents — er hatte das Glück, reiche Eltern zu haben

    by good fortune — glücklicherweise, zum Glück

    by sheer good fortune —

    fortune has favoured (Brit) or favored (US) him — das Glück war ihm hold

    2) (= money) Reichtum m, Vermögen nt

    to come into/make a fortune — ein Vermögen erben/machen

    to seek/make one's fortune — sein Glück versuchen/machen

    * * *
    fortune [ˈfɔːtʃuːn; -tʃən; US ˈfɔːrtʃən] s
    1. Vermögen n, (großer) Reichtum:
    a man of fortune ein vermögender oder reicher Mann;
    her beauty is her fortune ihre Schönheit ist ihr Kapital;
    come into a fortune ein Vermögen erben;
    a) sich ein Vermögen erwerben,
    b) ein Vermögen verdienen;
    make one’s fortune sein Glück machen;
    marry a fortune eine gute Partie machen, reich heiraten;
    seek one’s fortune sein Glück versuchen (in in dat);
    spend a (small) fortune on sth ein (kleines) Vermögen für etwas ausgeben
    2. (glücklicher) Zufall, Glück(sfall) n(m):
    by sheer good fortune rein zufällig;
    I had the fortune to have …, it was my good fortune to have … zu meinem Glück hatte ich …
    3. meist pl Geschick n, Schicksal n:
    good fortune Glück n;
    bad ( oder ill) fortune Unglück n;
    tell fortunes wahrsagen;
    read sb’s fortune
    a) jemandem die Karten legen,
    b) jemandem aus der Hand lesen;
    have one’s fortune told sich wahrsagen lassen;
    by good fortune glücklicherweise, zum Glück;
    the fortunes of war das Kriegsgeschick, der Krieg;
    during his changing fortunes während seines wechselvollen Lebens;
    try one’s fortune es darauf ankommen lassen
    4. oft Fortune Fortuna f, das Glück, die Glücksgöttin:
    fortune favo(u)red him Fortuna oder das Glück war ihm hold;
    fortune favo(u)rs the brave (Sprichwort) Glück hat nur der Tüchtige;
    fortune favo(u)rs fools (Sprichwort) die Dummen haben das Glück; → smile A 2
    * * *
    noun
    1) (private wealth) Vermögen, das
    2) (prosperous condition) Glück, das; (of country) Wohl, das
    3) (luck, destiny) Schicksal, das

    bad/good fortune — Pech, das/Glück, das

    by sheer good fortune there was... — es war reines Glück, dass... war

    thank one's good fortune that... — dem Glück dafür danken, dass...

    tell somebody's fortune — jemandem wahrsagen od. sein Schicksal vorhersagen

    * * *
    n.
    Glück nur sing. n.
    Schicksaal n.
    Vermögen - n.

    English-german dictionary > fortune

  • 12 entre países

    adj.
    between countries, intercountry.
    * * *
    (adj.) = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border
    Ex. The associations have submitted both oral and written evidence to the European Communities on the transfrontier shipment of hazardous wastes.
    Ex. The relative fortunes of different national hosts, producers and data bases are considered and an attempt is made to characterise and quantify the transborder revenue flows which result.
    Ex. This article examines problems and practices relating to transborder data flows in the light of the growing trend to transnational venturing in the electronic information services sector.
    Ex. There is significant cross-country variation in these figures.
    Ex. This suggests an approach which includes cross-cultural as well as cross-national comparison.
    Ex. There are currently few examples of cross-border trading in English books but this looks set to change stimulated by the Internet and the euro.
    * * *
    (adj.) = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border

    Ex: The associations have submitted both oral and written evidence to the European Communities on the transfrontier shipment of hazardous wastes.

    Ex: The relative fortunes of different national hosts, producers and data bases are considered and an attempt is made to characterise and quantify the transborder revenue flows which result.
    Ex: This article examines problems and practices relating to transborder data flows in the light of the growing trend to transnational venturing in the electronic information services sector.
    Ex: There is significant cross-country variation in these figures.
    Ex: This suggests an approach which includes cross-cultural as well as cross-national comparison.
    Ex: There are currently few examples of cross-border trading in English books but this looks set to change stimulated by the Internet and the euro.

    Spanish-English dictionary > entre países

  • 13 vicenda

    f ( episodio) event
    ( storia) story
    alterne vicende changing fortunes
    a vicenda ( a turno) in turn
    ( scambievolmente) each other, one another
    * * *
    vicenda s.f.
    1 event; adventure, vicissitude: vicende felici e infelici, lucky and unlucky events; le vicende della mia vita, the vicissitudes (o the ups and downs) of my life; dopo molte vicende si sistemò in un piccolo villaggio di campagna, after many adventures he settled down in a small country village
    2 ( successione) succession; ( alternanza) alternation // a vicenda, each other; one another, ( alternatamente) in turn (o by turns): le due sorelle si sono sempre aiutate a vicenda, the two sisters have always helped one another (o each other); si insultavano a vicenda, they were insulting one another
    3 (agr.) ( delle colture) rotation.
    * * *
    [vi'tʃɛnda]
    1. sf
    1) (episodio) event
    2)

    vicende sfpl — (sorte) fortunes

    2.
    1) (reciprocamente) each other, one another
    2) (alternativamente) in turn(s)
    * * *
    [vi'tʃɛnda]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (evento, fatto) affair, event
    2) a vicenda (reciprocamente) each other, one another; (a turno) in turn(s)
    * * *
    vicenda
    /vi't∫εnda/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (evento, fatto) affair, event; i retroscena di una vicenda the ins and outs of an affair; una vicenda curiosa a strange occurrence; le -e della guerra the fortunes of war
     2 a vicenda (reciprocamente) each other, one another; (a turno) in turn(s).

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > vicenda

  • 14 impôt

    impôt [ɛ̃po]
    masculine noun
    ( = taxe) tax
    • je paye plus de 10 000 € d'impôts I pay more than 10,000 euros in tax
    • impôt direct/indirect/déguisé direct/indirect/hidden tax
    • faire un bénéfice de 10 000 € avant impôt to make a profit of 10,000 euros before tax
    ► impôt foncier ≈ land tax
    ► impôt sur les plus-values ≈ capital gains tax
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    The main taxes in France are income tax ( l'impôt sur le revenu), value-added tax on consumer goods (« la TVA »), local taxes funding public amenities ( les impôts locaux) and two kinds of company tax (« la taxe professionnelle », l'impôt sur les sociétés).
    Income tax can either be paid in three instalments (the first two, known as « tiers provisionnels », are estimates based on the previous year's tax, while the third makes up the actual tax due), or in monthly instalments (an option known as « mensualisation »). Late payment incurs a 10% penalty known as a « majoration ».
    * * *
    ɛ̃po
    nom masculin tax

    avant/après impôt — before/after tax

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    ɛ̃po
    1. nm
    2)

    l'impôt — taxation, taxes pl

    le recouvrement de l'impôt — tax collection, the collection of taxes

    2. impôts nmpl
    (= contributions) tax sg

    payer 1000 euros d'impôts — to pay 1,000 euros in tax

    * * *
    A nm
    1 ( prélèvement) tax; payer ses impôts to pay one's taxes; payer 2 000 € d'impôts to pay €2,000 in tax; avant/après impôt before/after tax; impôt direct/indirect direct/indirect tax; impôt progressif/proportionnel progressive/proportional tax;
    2 ( fiscalité) l'impôt taxation.
    B impôts nmpl ( institution) les impôts tax (sg); réduire les impôts to reduce tax; payer des impôts to pay tax.
    impôt additionnel surtax; impôt sur les bénéfices corporation tax; impôt sur le capital tax on capital; impôt foncier property tax; impôt sur la fortune wealth tax; impôt sur les grandes fortunes, IGF ≈ wealth tax; impôt indiciaire wealth-related tax; impôts locaux local taxes; impôt sur le patrimoine inheritance tax; impôt sur les plus-values capital gains tax; impôt de quotité proportional tax; impôt sur le revenu income tax; impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques, IRPP personal income tax; impôt sur les sociétés corporate tax, company tax; impôt de solidarité sur la fortune, ISF ≈ wealth tax.
    ⓘ Impôt sur le revenu A tax payable on income (but not deducted at source) which may be paid in three instalments in arrears or on a monthly basis. An annual tax return ( la déclaration d'impôts) must be completed as part of the process.
    [ɛ̃po] nom masculin
    1. [prélèvement] tax
    l'impôt taxation, taxes
    payer 1 000 euros d'impôt to pay 1,000 euros in taxes ou (in) tax
    écrire/aller aux impôts (familier) [à l'hôtel des impôts] to write to/to go and see the tax people
    financé par l'impôt paid for out of taxes ou with the taxpayers' money
    impôt direct/indirect direct/indirect tax
    impôts locaux ≃ council tax (UK), ≃ local property tax (US)
    2. (figuré & littéraire)
    These are taxes levied to finance local, departmental or regional government. The best-known are the taxe d'habitation (paid by rent-paying tenants), the taxe foncière (paid by homeowners) and the taxe professionnelle (levied on businesses). The rate of each tax is decided at local level.

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > impôt

  • 15 fortune

    A n
    1 ( wealth) fortune f ; a small fortune une petite fortune ; to make a fortune faire fortune ; to spend/cost a fortune dépenser/coûter une fortune ; a man of fortune un homme riche ; to seek fame and fortune chercher fortune ;
    2 ( luck) chance f ; to have the good fortune to do avoir la chance or le bonheur de faire ; by good fortune par chance, par un heureux hasard ; ill fortune malchance f ; to tell sb's fortune dire la bonne aventure à qn.
    B fortunes npl (of team, party, country) destin m ; the fortunes of war les hasards de la guerre.
    fortune favours the brave Prov la fortune sourit aux audacieux Prov ; fortune smiled on us la chance nous a souri.

    Big English-French dictionary > fortune

  • 16 tell

    1. I
    1) promise not to tell обещайте [никому] не рассказывать /не выдавать, не выбалтывать/; time will tell время покажет
    2) more than words can tell не выразить словами
    3) age begins to tell годы начинают сказываться; every blow tells ни одни удар не проходит бесследно /даром/; every shot tells каждый выстрел попадает в цель; his unselfish work is beginning to tell его бескорыстная работа начинает приносить плоды /давать результаты/; the remark told замечание не пропало даром /впустую/
    4) you /one/ never can tell, nobody can tell, there is no telling, who can tell? кто знает?, почем /как/ знать?; how can I tell? откуда мне знать?
    2. III
    tell in some manner the story tells beautifully эта история словно создана для пересказа /легко пересказывается/
    2)
    tell at some time good work tells in the end в конце концов хорошая /честная/ работа приносит свои плоды; blood tells in the long run в конечном счете сказывается происхождение
    3. III
    1) tell smb. don't tell me, let me guess не говорите мне, я хочу догадаться сам; if he asks, tell him если он спросит, скажите /расскажите/ ему; don't tell anyone, keep it a secret не говорите никому, держите это в тайне; do as I tell you делайте /поступайте/, как я [вам] говорю
    2) tell smth. tell a story (a tale) рассказать историю (рассказ); tell the truth (a lie, lies, falsehood, etc.) сказать правду и т.д.; tell a secret разглашать тайну; а woman stops telling her age as soon as age begins telling on her женщины начинают скрывать свой возраст, как только возраст дает о себе знать; tell one's own tale красноречиво свидетельствовать, не нуждаться в пояснениях, говорить [сам] за себя; tell tales сплетничать, доносить; I cannot tell half of what I feel я не могу выразить даже половины того, что чувствую; tell fortunes гадать /предсказывать судьбу/
    3) tell smth. tell the difference (the size, the colour, etc.) установить разницу и т.д.; I can't tell the cause /the reason/ я не знаю /не могу сказать/, в чем причина; tell the time а) сказать, который час /сколько времени/; can your little boy tell the time? ваш мальчик уже умеет узнавать время по часам?; б) показывать время (о часах)-, clocks tell the time часы показывают время
    4) tell smb. I don't like it, I tell /am telling/ you уверяю вас, что мне это не нравится; he will be furious, I [can] tell you уверяю вас, он рассвирепеет; it is not so easy, let me tell you уверяю вас /поверьте мне/, это не так легко; you are telling me! coll. и ты это мне говоришь!
    4. IV
    1) tell smth. in some manner tell smth. briefly (simply, indifferently, pleasantly, frankly, reluctantly, most amusingly, well, fearlessly, etc.) рассказывать что-л. кратко и т.д.; tell smth. in a low voice рассказывать о чем-л. /что-л./ тихим голосом; tell smth. in detail рассказывать о чем-л. /что-л./ подробно; he told his adventures anew он заново /снова/ рассказал о своих приключениях; I told you so ведь я вам говорил
    2) || tell smth., smb. apart отличать что-л., кого-л. от чего-л., кого-л.; tell two things (the girls, etc.) apart различать две вещи и т.д.; even if you'd seen them close, you couldn't have told them apart даже совсем близко их невозможно различить
    5. V
    tell smb. smth.
    1) tell smb. the facts (the news, the price, one's business. etc.) сообщить /рассказать/ кому-л. факты /о фактах/ и т.д.; tell smb. the shortest way указать кому-л. кратчайшую дорогу; tell smb. one's name сказать кому-л. свое имя, назвать себя; tell me your name как вас зовут?; could you tell me the time, please? пожалуйста, скажите [мне], который теперь час /сколько сейчас времени/?; tell me your errand расскажите, зачем вас послали /в чем заключается ваше поручение/?; nobody told me anything никто мне ничего не говорил; 1 told him my candid opinion я откровенно высказал ему свое мнение; that tells us a lot это говорит нам о многом; don't tell me that! не говорите мне об этом; who told you that? кто вам это /об этом/ сказал?; don't let me have to tell you that again смотри, чтобы мне не пришлось тебе снова об этом говорить
    2) tell smb. a story /а tale/ рассказать кому-л. истерию; tell smb. the truth (a lie. lies, falsehood, etc.) сказать кому-л. правду и т.д.; she will tell you a secret она вам расскажет /откроет/ одни секрет /одну тайну/; tell me another! coll. что ты еще скажешь? id I tell you what! cool. ну знаешь ли!
    6. VII
    tell smb. to do smth.
    1) tell smb. to stay (to speak, to come on Monday, not to trouble, etc.) велеть кому-л. остаться и т.д.; tell the driver to wait for us скажите шоферу /водителю/, чтобы он нас подождал; I told him not to come again я велел ему больше не приходить /сказал, чтобы он больше не приходил/; tell them to bring in the dinner велите подавать /скажите, чтобы подавали/ обед; I told you to be home by ten я сказал /велел вам/, чтобы вы были /быть/ дома к десяти часам; who told you to do that? кто велел вам это сделать?; tell smb. when to come (what to do, etc.) сказать кому-л., когда прийти и т.д.
    2) can you tell me how to get to Red Square (where to find the book, when to stop, etc.)? скажите, пожалуйста, как мне пройти /проехать, попасть/ на Красную площадь и т.д. ?
    7. XI
    1) I am told говорят, рассказывают, я слышал: you must do as you are told делайте /поступайте/, как вам говорят; be told smth. I wasn't told a thing about it мне об этом ни слова /ничего/ не сказали; I am told you were ill мне сказали, что вы болели /были больны/; he was told you were coming ему сказали, что вы приезжаете; be told in some manner so I have been told так мне сказали; be told of smth. people don't like to be told of their faults люди не любят, когда им говорят об их недостатках /указывают на их недостатки/; be told to do smth. I was (we were, etc.) told to stand aside (to start at once, to get fuel, etc.) мне и т.д. велели стать в сторонку /посторониться/ и т.д.
    2) be told in some manner be well (badly, cleverly, coherently, etc.) told быть хорошо и т.д. рассказанным; be told of smb. an interesting story is told of a country schoolboy об одном сельском школьнике рассказывают интересную историю; be told to smb. the story told to him was untrue история, рассказанная ему, была неправдой; be told about smth. in this chapter you are told about... в этой главе рассказывается /говорится/ о...; be told in smth. it can hardly be told in words словами об этом едва ли скажешь
    3) be told by smth. he can be told by his dress его можно узнать /отличить/ по одежде
    8. XVI
    1) tell of smb., smth. tell of a schoolboy (of an old man, of a clash, of bygone days, of one's work, of foreign lands, etc.) рассказывать о школьнике и т.д.; tell of an incident рассказать о случившемся; he told of his many misfortunes он рассказал о своих многочисленных несчастьях /бедах/; in his book the author tells of... в своем романе автор рассказывает о...
    2) tell on smb. coll. tell on one's sister (on each other, etc.) наябедничать на сестру и т.д.
    3) tell (up)on smth., smb. tell on smb.'s health (upon smb.'s strength, on smb.'s nerves, etc.) сказываться /отзываться/ на здоровье и т.д.; the strain (the great exertion, the hard work, hard life, etc.) tells upon him переутомление и т.д. сказывается на нем /не проходит для него даром/; age is beginning to tell upon me начинают сказываться годы; this epidemic told heavily upon them они очень сильно пострадали в результате этой эпидемии; tell of smth. it tells of his desire to come back это говорит о его желании вернуться; the lines on his face told of long suffering морщины на его /у него на/ лице свидетельствовали о перенесенных страданиях; tell for smb. /in smb.'s favour/ it tells for him /in his favour/ это говорит /свидетельствует/ в его пользу; tell against smb. facts that tell against the prisoner факты, свидетельствующие против подсудимого; his lack of experience told against him ему мешал недостаток опыта
    4) tell at smth. tell at a glance узнавать /отличать, различать/ с одного взгляда; it is difficult to tell at this distance на таком расстоянии трудно что-либо определить /различить/; tell about smb., smth. you never can tell about a woman о женщине никогда нельзя сказать /знать/ ничего определенного; there is no telling about the weather кто знает, какая будет погода
    9. XVII
    tell from doing smth. can you tell from looking at a woman's hands whether she does her own work? можете вы определить /сказать/, занимается женщина домашним хозяйством или нет, посмотрев /взглянув/ на ее руки?
    10. XXI1
    1) tell smb. of /about/ smth., smb. tell smb. of one's adventures (of one's troubles, of foreign lands, of the danger, of one's difficulties, about one's misfortunes, etc.) рассказывать кому-л. о своих приключениях и т.д.; tell me all about it расскажите мне все подробно; tell me about yourself расскажите мне о себе; he has written to tell me of his father's death он мне в письме сообщил о смерти своего отца; can you tell me of a good dentist? не можете ли вы порекомендовать мне хорошего зубного врача?; tell smth. to smb. tell a story /а tale/ to smb. рассказывать кому-л. какую-л. историю; he told the news to everybody in the village он всем в деревне рассказал о новостях /сообщил новость/; tell smth. to smth. kindly, tell the way to... будьте добры, скажите /расскажите/, как пройти в...; the signpost tells the way to... этот [указательный] столб показывает дорогу в...
    2) tell smth. of /about/ smb. you mustn't tell tales of your little sister вы не должны наговаривать /ябедничать/ на свою сестричку
    3) tell smth. about /of/ smth. a man's face may tell a great deal about his character лицо человека может многое /рас/сказать о его характере
    4) tell smb., smth. from smb., smth. usually in the negative tell a horse from a mule (a young girl from her twin sister, wheat from barley, an original picture from its copy, the real from the false, etc.) отличить лошадь от мула и т.д.; how do you tell one from another? как вы их различаете?; some people are colour-blind: they cannot tell one colour from another некоторые люди страдают дальтонизмом: они не различают цвета; tell smb. by smth. tell smb. by his voice (by his gait, etc.) узнавать кого-л. по голосу и т.д. || tell the difference between things (people) определять /устанавливать/ разницу между вещами (людьми), различать вещи (людей)
    11. XXII
    tell smth. by doing smth. I can tell a woman's age by looking at her взглянув /посмотрев/ на женщину, я могу сказать, сколько ей лет /назвать ее возраст/
    12. XXV
    tell whether... (why..., etc.) nobody can tell whether you are right (why he went away, what will come next, what was done, etc.) никто не может сказать /знать, судить/, правы вы или нет и т.д.; how do you tell which button to press (where to stop, where to find him, when to come, etc.)? откуда вы знаете, какую кнопку [нужно] нажать и т.д.?; no man can tell what the future has in store for him никто не может сказать /знать/, что его ожидает в будущем; who can tell what tomorrow will bring? кто может сказать /знать/, что принесет завтрашний день?; there's no telling what may happen (where she has gone, why the government did not interfere, etc.) кто знает, что случится и т.д.; I can't "tell what is the matter with him я не могу сказать /не знаю/, что с ним происходит; it's difficult to tell how it's done трудно сказать /судить о том/ как это делается; one can tell she is intelligent сразу видно, что она умна /понятлива, смышлена/
    13. XXVI
    1)
    tell smb. [that]... tell smb. [confidentially (regretfully, exactly, once for all, etc.)] [that] I'm sick of the whole thing ([that] it was too late, [that] he was coming, [that] it is a fine plan, that it is not [so] easy, etc.) сказать кому-л. [по секрету и т.д.], что мне все это надоело и т.д.; please tell him that... скажите ему, пожалуйста, что...; you told me that you adored music вы мне говорили, что обожаете музыку; don't tell me I'm too late неужели я уже опоздал?; tell smb. how, (what., where., etc.) tell smb. how happy I am (how sorry I am, how glad I was, etc.) говорить /рассказывать/ кому-л., как я счастлив и т.д.; tell smb. what you want (where you live, what you have been doing, how it happened, etc.) сказать /рассказать/ кому-л., что вы хотите и т.д.; tell me what you are doing this evening? скажите, что вы делаете сегодня вечером?;
    14. XXVII2
    tell from smth. (that...) (when..., where..., etc.) you can tell from his face [that] he is clever по лицу видно, что он умный человек; we could not tell from your letter when you'd be coming (where he was staying, etc.) из твоего письма мы не могли понять /было не ясно/, когда ты приедешь и т.д.
    15. XXVIII1
    tell smb. about how... he told me about how busy he was он рассказал мне о том, как он занят

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > tell

  • 17 fortune

    1. ['fɔːʧuːn], [-ːtjuːn]; амер. ['fɔːrʧən] сущ.
    1) состояние (имущество, собственность)

    to dissipate / run through / squander a fortune — проматывать состояние

    She lost her fortune in the war. — Она лишилась своего состояния во время войны.

    His fortune has been estimated at $100 million. — Его состояние оценивается в 100 миллионов долларов.

    2) разг.; = a small fortune кругленькая сумма, целое состояние

    to cost / be worth a fortune — стоить кучу денег, быть очень дорогим

    That dusty old painting on the wall could well be worth a small fortune. — Эта покрытая пылью старая картина на стене может стоить целого состояния.

    3) участь, доля, судьба

    This little farm seemed to offer me a safe place of abode and means of subsistence until my fortune changed for the better. — Казалось, что эта ферма будет мне надёжным прибежищем и обеспечит меня средствами к существованию до тех пор, пока в моей судьбе не произойдёт перемен к лучшему.

    Through all his changing fortunes, he never lost courage. — Что бы с ним ни происходило, он никогда не терял мужества.

    4) = good fortune счастье, удача, везение

    I could hardly believe my fortune. — Я едва мог поверить своему счастью.

    I escaped being caught by good fortune. — Меня не поймали благодаря счастливой случайности.

    He had the good fortune to be in the right place at the right time. — Ему посчастливилось оказаться в нужном месте в нужное время.

    Hoping his good fortune would last for the rest of the day he put £50 on Middlesbrough to beat Manchester United. — Надеясь, что в этот день ему и дальше будет везти, он поставил 50 фунтов стерлингов на то, что "Мидлзбро" обыграет "Манчестер Юнайтед".

    5) высок. ( Fortune) фортуна ( олицетворение удачи)

    May Fortune smile on our enterprise this day. — Пусть фортуна улыбнётся нам в этот день.

    6) счастье, благополучие, богатство

    I set off to seek my fortune in another country. — Я отправился искать счастья в другой стране.

    After trying his fortune in France and Germany, he eventually settled in Holland. — Попытав счастья во Франции и Германии, он осел в Голландии.

    ••

    to tell someone's fortune — предсказывать чью-л. судьбу; гадать кому-л.

    Fortune favours the brave. посл. — Смелость города берёт.

    2. ['fɔːʧuːn], [-tjuːn]; амер. ['fɔːrʧən] гл.; уст.; поэт.
    1) происходить, случаться, совершаться
    Syn:
    2) обеспечить приданым (кого-л.), дать приданое (за кем-л.)
    Syn:
    3) ( fortune upon) случайно обнаружить (что-л.), наткнуться (на что-л.)

    He had once fortuned upon the notion of that excellent manner in an old book, which came afterwards to be in vogue. — Однажды он наткнулся в одной старой книге на упоминание об этом прекрасном стиле, который впоследствии стал очень модным.

    Англо-русский современный словарь > fortune

  • 18 be in low water

    быть без денег, находиться в стеснённых обстоятельствах; ≈ сидеть на мели

    He hastily reviewed the fortunes of his co-directors. Old Fontenoy was always in low water; the chairman a dark horse; Mont was in land, land right down in value, and mortgaged at that... (J. Galsworthy, ‘The White Monkey’, part II, ch. I) — Он мысленно перебирал состояния своих содиректоров. Старый Фонтеной всегда в стесненных обстоятельствах; председатель - "темная лошадка"; состояние Монта - в земле, а земля сейчас не в цене, к тому же его имение заложено.

    Now and then Philip with one of the more experienced clerks went out to audit the accounts of some firm... he came to know which of the clients must be treated with respect and which were in low water. (W. S. Maugham, ‘Of Human Bondage’, ch. 37) — Время от времени Филип отправлялся с одним из опытных конторщиков проверять счета какой-нибудь фирмы... он теперь уже знал, к кому из клиентов нужно было относиться почтительно и кто из них сел на мель.

    I told you Peru was a delightful country to live in; but it's not quite so nice for people that happen to be in low water, as I was. (E. L. Voynich, ‘The Gadfly’, part II, ch. VIII) — Я говорил уже, что Перу восхитительная страна, если есть на что жить. Но в ней нет ничего восхитительного для того, кто очутится там без гроша в кармане, как было со мной.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > be in low water

  • 19 fortune

    fortune [ˈfɔ:t∫ən]
    1. noun
       a. ( = chance) chance f
       b. ( = riches) fortune f
    • to spend/cost a fortune dépenser/coûter une fortune
    ► fortune-teller noun diseur m, - euse f de bonne aventure ; (with cards) tireuse f de cartes
    ► fortune-telling noun (art m de la) divination ; (with cards) cartomancie f
    * * *
    ['fɔːtʃuːn] 1.
    1) ( wealth) fortune f
    2) ( luck) chance f
    2.
    fortunes plural noun (of team, country) destin m
    ••

    English-French dictionary > fortune

  • 20 destino

    m destiny
    * * *
    destino s.m.
    1 ( fato) destiny, fate: il destino ci gioca spesso dei brutti tiri, destiny (o fate) often plays unkind tricks on us; accettare il proprio destino, to accept one's fate; affidarsi al destino, to trust to one's fate (o destiny); è destino che..., it's fate (o destiny) that...; era destino che succedesse, it was fated to happen
    2 ( sorte) lot: i destini della patria, the fortunes of one's country; è il destino comune, it is the common lot; predire il destino a qlcu., to tell s.o.'s fortune
    3 ( destinazione) destination.
    * * *
    [des'tino]
    sostantivo maschile (fatalità) fate; (avvenire) destiny

    era destino che succedesse — it was destined o meant o bound to happen

    * * *
    destino
    /des'tino/
    sostantivo m.
    (fatalità) fate; (avvenire) destiny; uno scherzo del destino a twist of fate; era destino che succedesse it was destined o meant o bound to happen; il suo destino è segnato he's a marked man.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > destino

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